Lupine Publishers | Tourism and Accessibility: An Integrative Review on Accessibility in Tourism Between the Years 2015 – 2020

 Lupine Publishers | Scholarly Journal Of Psychology And Behavioral Sciences

Abstract

Tourism activity in recent years has undergone countless transformations, these being of a social, cultural and economic nature, making more and more people able to practice tourism. This factor contributed for the tourist trade to expand, causing several segments to appear within the same sector to meet the varied demands of society. This society is also composed of people with disabilities, whether physical, intellectual or sensory, as defined by social and legal parameters. In this north, the tourist activity started to understand these people as individuals deserving to practice and enjoy the services, products, places, spaces and conditions that correspond to the sector. To this end, discussions on accessibility and social inclusion within tourism have become constant guidelines when thinking about offering a quality service that can meet and be accessible to everyone. In this way, the present work aims to carry out a systematic review, literature review on works already published that contemplate the same theme that they bring from a historical show of the accessibility and inclusion of people with disabilities within tourism, up to what has already been aiming to make them feel inserted in this environment, as well as to understand what actually happens in practice when investigating the real practices, adaptations and conditions carried out to assist these people with a disability. Whereby means of a systematization of the chosen works and the theoretical-conceptual framework [1-4]. It is possible to arrive at results that show the reality of the difficulties, barriers that limit the fact that the tourist activity occurs in a way accessible to all who want to enjoy it.

Keywords: Inclusive Tourism; Accessibility; Social inclusion; Disabled people.

 

Introduction

The tourist activity, over the years has undergone numerous changes and consequently has generated new social, cultural and economic transformations, not only within its sector, but also in the whole of society in order to contribute to its development and growth. Contemporary tourism is understood as a socio-spatial, historical, and cultural phenomenon where the human being is constantly the center of studies that place him as a constant producer of demands in which the tourist activity is sustained when trying to supply them. From this perspective, tourism has gradually moved the economic sector from many spaces in which it is inserted, thus driving changes in different realities. It is worth mentioning that, in addition to this more technical view on the positive aspects of the activity, as it has provided the most diverse audiences, some opportunities to equally enjoy the services, places, spaces that comprise the tourist activity [5]. As a result, the tourist activity started to be divided into several segments so as to be able to meet all the demands that the human being may come to possess. This so-called market segmentation has enabled tourism to develop under the most diverse realities, conditions, particularities, places, spaces, thus, there is Cultural Tourism, Inclusive Tourism, Adventure Tourism, Mass Tourism, Tourism of Business, among others. However, this study is based on the themes of accessibility and social inclusion instilled within the Inclusive Tourism market segment, which in turn seeks to understand and analyze whether within the tourist activity the individual with a disability enjoys these conditions that you are assured. Conditioning also a look at the whole, that is, services, locations, conditions, professionals who seek to develop tourism accessible to all. Since inclusion and accessibility has become an increasingly constant issue within tourism in recent years, due to the countless social, cultural and historical processes that are experienced. Above all, that more and more people with disabilities have sought to enjoy and practice tourism [6]. Thus, studies on this theme perceived an increasing demand to make tourism a practice accessible to all, under the most diverse conditions, thus making it mainly accessible to people who have some physical, sensory or intellectual disability.

 

Methodology

Thus, to obtain the results, 20 articles can be found as a final sample in the SCIELO and CAPES databases. Having as one of the analysis criteria for the choice of works, keywords related to the research theme, such as “Accessibility”, “Social inclusion”, “People with disabilities”, “Inclusive Tourism” and etc.

 

Results and Discussion

As it is a table with a large number (20) of author contributions, to better understand and analyze the chosen works, it was decided to bring in a category the “Main Outcome” as a way of understanding what the work brought as contribution within the researched area [7-12]. It was also decided to place a category with the “Type of Study” to better understand the way in which a given research took place within the proposed theme, as an example of this [5], whether it took place in qualitative or quantitative format, which directly affects in its relevance to the research field. Finally, the “Magazine and Year of Publication” category comes to provide support and consistency through the position of importance of each magazine that published a particular research, thus adding it, a significant weight and veracity to the development of this research. This separation allowed a broader vision in the contribution that each research brought in relation to its place of speech, when working with tourism and its market segmentation, being this, the practice of accessible tourism, or even bringing in its core the themes of social inclusion, accessibility and how these are arranged within society and its spaces, thus giving a clearer view on how they are placed in theory (laws, norms, criteria, means of incentive) and in practice ( adaptation of tourist places, training and qualification of people). Another pertinent observation is the importance with which the topic has been dealt with in the last 05 (five) years, as the publication of related articles on accessible tourism has been constant [13-17], not only those that are under analysis here, and these have an existing standard of analysis, which is based on mostly qualitative, descriptive-exploratory research and literature review, thus showing a concern about what is within the studied area between discoveries and achievements, as well as currently the question in practice [1,4,11]. Therefore, in this context it was possible to understand the relevance with which the themes that encompass Accessible and inclusive Tourism in all its dimensions and perspectives have been dealt with through publications that show the practice and theory, the possibilities and obstacles, as well as what if there is infrastructure and resources currently available for this practice, how can we still go on to achieve an excellent service to be offered to people with a disability?

 

Final Considerations

Addressing the literature review in this research as a methodological and analytical tool made it possible to concatenate what has been idealized, discussed and put into practice with regard to the themes of social inclusion, accessibility within tourism, with regard to people with disabilities. disabilities and their needs to be integrated within the tourist activity in recent years, especially between the years 2015 and 2020. Initially, the study was guided by a presentation of how people with disabilities are seen and supported and by society, by virtue of its norms [18-21], laws, plans and projects, showing a dimension much larger than what was thought about the importance of debating the theme. With this, this review showed that people with disabilities, be it physical, sensory or intellectual, have achieved great achievements in relation to their insertion in the most diverse spaces of society, mainly within the tourist activity, highlighting the effort of elaboration and performance of managing bodies, such as the UN, OMT, EMBRATUR, Invir. Tur among others. With the main objective of enabling the disabled person to enjoy, reach, move autonomously and safely through these diverse spaces. In relation to inclusive tourism, as a demand identified by the activity sector, it was understood that any way or form of doing tourism should be accessible to everyone, thus breaking with conceptions that inclusive or accessible tourism tends to be totally different spaces from those that already exist, when in fact these spaces that already exist or are being created are enough, be adapted for this public to be able to move freely with the others, because they do not want to feel separated from the “nondisabled”, but included in the middle their.

 

Conclusion

Another pertinent position within this research is built based on the social reality that the world experiences, especially Brazil in relation to the Covid-19 virus, which brought a devastating scenario of deaths and fears to society, impacting several sectors within the most diverse spheres (social, cultural and economic), and mainly the tourist activity that is threatened in face of this pandemic. The research developed to understand how this happened, and how to solve this problem has been very difficult, especially the search for a vaccine that can contribute to the fight against Covid-19. Thus, there are researchers new spaces to research the impacts of the pandemic within the tourism sector and mainly to understand the social impacts that it has caused on people’s lives, especially those with a disability [22-24]. Finally, in view of all the assumptions presented in this work regarding the insertion of people with disabilities in the tourist environment, this leads us to have a critical and assiduous look with regard to the elaboration / development / creation or even adaptation of spaces already existing, whether for the purpose of tourist visitation or not, within the municipality of São Bernardo-MA, have accessible conditions for these individuals to feel inserted. Bringing through other research bases on what is done and ensured by law for the existence of accessible tourism for all and how this trajectory took place, so when considering the implementation of a tourist activity in São Bernardo, these conditions can make part of all stages of this process.

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Lupine Publishers | Human, Evaporation, Circle, Climate

 Lupine Publishers | Scholarly Journal Of Psychology And Behavioral Sciences

Abstract

Water has been created and accumulated on Earth for millions of years. The quality of water, its structure and its very purpose have evolved along with biota (a community of plants and living organisms). Water is one of the main driving forces of biota, as well as the environment itself. Just like the circulatory system in the body, water brings nutrients to every living cell. The extraction of minerals and fertilizers from the bottom and banks of rivers and underground canals and their delivery to plants and animals is the most important link in the transformation - in a single process of the water cycle. The process of transferring substances is similar to the movement of air through organisms - it delivers oxygen, carbon dioxide and leaves the body with processing waste in a different form. Also, water, as a vehicle, delivers solutes to living cells and exits with other liquids and gases. The quality of exhaled moisture and waste is purely individual, both within species and between species of biota. Organisms and plants emit different waste products throughout the day and through life. This waste is an integral part of the same cycle of water and life on the planet.

Keywords: Artificial evaporation; Water cycle; Biota; Cycle links; Water transformations; Aqueous solution; Transpiration; Respiration; Sedimentation; New substance; Climate change.

Introduction

New qualities of the released moisture are necessary for the existence of the biota. We are convinced of this when we smell flowers, see hunting animals, receive analyzes of our waste from laboratories. Waste moisture evaporates and forms a substance in every area. Mixing and concentrating in large volumes in the atmosphere, this substance provides, for centuries, an algorithm for the formation of precipitation, and their movement, distribution over territories and precipitation in certain volumes at a certain time. It is not just that the tropics and shrouds, forests and deserts, mountain and polar glaciers were formed. All this - the regularity, volume and quality of precipitation on each spot of land were created consistently and purposefully for many millions of years. All the planet’s vapor can be conditionally divided into 2 parts - vapor from natural water surfaces - oceans, seas, lakes, rivers and vapor from biota. Historically, a certain balance of their volumes was formed at a given time and in a given place. It doesn’t matter in what ratio. This balance stabilized itself and created life itself on the planet in a wide variety of natural conditions. A quarter of the entire surface of the planet is land. The widespread notion that the seas and oceans, which cover 3/4 of the entire planet and therefore evaporate most of the water, is a myth. It was found that if we sum up the transpiration surface of all vegetation, then the area of evaporation from land becomes equal to the area of the entire surface of the oceans - https://vuzlit.ru/984043/transpiratsiya#597 : “The area of all leaves is 3-4 times larger than the area of the entire land, that is, in size it is not less than the area of the World Ocean ”. To this should be added also 20 tons of underground living creatures per hectare. There are still animals on the surface of the earth, each unit of which drinks water and releases liquid waste.

According to: http://www.kazreferat.info/read/antropogennoe- vozdeystvie-na-gidrosferu-normirovanie-ioniziruyuschih- izlucheniy-OTc0ODk= it was found, “... that each ton of oil covers a thin film of about 12 km2 of the water surface. According to experts, 1/5 of the water area of the World Ocean is already polluted with oil. The oil film disrupts the processes of photosynthesis and, consequently, gas exchange between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. « Evaporation, as an element of gas exchange, also stops. These two circumstances should correct our understanding of the ratio of evaporation from the oceans and from land. Even if we assume that the areas of evaporation are equal, then we can conclude that the volumes of evaporation should also be equal. Evaporation from land is quite significant in the total volume of evaporation (Figure 1). It is assumed that evaporation from the surface of oceans and water bodies is less diverse in quality and rate than evaporation from land. Evaporation from the surface of water bodies should have approximately the same structure, uniformity, quality regardless of the geographical location. The quality, quantity and rate of evaporation are the main components of the processes of precipitation formation and the entire water cycle. Regardless of the ratio of the volumes of vapor of these two types, their bouquet formed a certain substance of moisture in the atmosphere, which created life in all areas. With the advent of man, evaporation from land began to change. The first intelligent creature on the planet began to use water not only for drinking, but we also began to exploit water, turning it into a working body - the simplest free remedy from nature as a vehicle, a carrier of heat, energy, feces, driving force of hydraulic turbines, a means of washing, cooling , comfort, dissolution. According to information from http://www. erudition.ru/referat/ref/id.48920_1.html, it is known that every year people are irretrievably taken from rivers and lakes of about 2000 cubic meters. kilometers of fresh water, which is about 5% of the flow of all rivers in the world. It is driven through pipes and canals, watering monocultures, washing and drying everything that surrounds us and ourselves. Everything that evaporates after such use - from plowed fields, surfaces of reservoirs, evaporators and coolers of power plants, from sewerage tanks, from towels, wet plates - evaporates into the atmosphere without natural changes. Such fumes are not foreseen by nature - they are unnatural. This part of the water falling on land has not fulfilled its main purpose. Nutrition was not delivered to living cells, the path of natural transformations when moving on the soil was not passed, the time of its stay on the ground was reduced. As she came from the sky, she went back. There are already few biota left on the earth - only 30 percent of the entire land area. We have destroyed all the living creatures under arable land, dumps, asphalt, reduced it by felling and water reservoirs. In pursuit of comfort, we have reduced natural processes. Rivers, straightened and lined with concrete and stones, lose contact with the soil - the function of extracting minerals. Water loses its purpose, it has become just a liquid, a commodity, a means of production, a carrier of dirt and feces. Based on such facts, we can safely assume that, when water evaporates, which has not fulfilled its natural functions, the quality, volume and rate of evaporation should change. Evaporation new to nature can be called artificial. Each action must have its own counteractions and consequences. A change in the conditions of evaporation led to a change in the evaporation itself and should lead to a change in the subsequent link in the circuit of the circuit. The composition, structure, properties of vapors depend on the quality of the supplied material. It is assumed that the difference in the vapors of these two species should be very different from each other. This assumption can be confirmed by modern medicine. Analysis of human secretions, as one of the subjects of nature, to determine his health shows the difference between sputum, urine, blood, smears, exhalation of a healthy person from an unhealthy person. If the evaporation of waste is different for each subject of the biota, then they are different for each unit of a living being and a plant. From mosquito, blade of grass, microbe to elephant and crocodile. And, of course, the differences should be more striking when compared to fumes from asphalt or wastewater. If this is really the case, then the conclusion suggests itself that different vapors must create different substances in the atmosphere. We have changed the sources of fumes and increased their quality, quantity and volumes, and they become comparable or competitive with the volumes of natural fumes.

Figure 1: Community of plants and living organisms.

Artificial evaporation is a new link in the circuit of the circuit and cannot be included in the categories of evaporation from water bodies and evaporation from land. Such fumes are not created by nature, their volumes are growing every year and every day. In developed countries, a person spends 200 - 300 liters per day. Nature provides for humans - only 2 - 3 liters - only for ingestion. Everything else is the exploitation of water for comfort purposes. Water gives us energy, warmth, means of washing. Without water, we cannot produce a single item. So, the manufacture of each product requires water consumption. For example - https:// ecology.md/ru/page/rashod-vody-na-proizvodstvo-produkto : for the manufacture of products such as: Rice - 3400 liters of water per 1 kg. The cultivation of 1 kg of wild rice requires an average of 2400 liters of water, further industrial processing requires another 1100 liters. Rice fields around the world consume about 1350 billion m3 of water annually - 21% of the total water consumption for growing crops. Beef - 4500 liters of water per 1 steak A cow is raised before slaughter for 3 years, from the carcass about 200 kg of boneless meat is obtained. During her life, she eats 1300 kg of grain and 7200 kg of roughage, drinks 24 m3 of water, another 7 m3 is spent on keeping it clean. Total water costs - 3 million 1500 liters of water. Passenger car - 147,972 liters, car tires - 1960 liters, 1 barrel of beer (121 liters) - 5678 liters, 1 ton of steel - 234696 liters. The tremendous growth of new technologies with the exploitation of water increases the volume and speed of artificial evaporation, and, as a result, the volume and speed of the cycle between the soil and the atmosphere. Look at just one industry of kid’s water toys or sprayers. The impact on individual links of the water cycle in significant volumes destroys the natural process. The type, volume and rate of transformations from liquid to gaseous and solid creates other processes, accumulation of moisture in the atmosphere and precipitation. The volumes of artificial and natural evaporation have never been counted, but it is possible. Historically, the stability of the quality and amount of precipitation has provided comfort conditions for each zone. Now this stability is being destroyed. The speed and frequency of circulation between the atmosphere and the soil are visible from regular reports and chronicles of floods and fires, which are abnormally large and are abnormally small in different zones of the planet. Their destructiveness and frequency are growing. We regularly hear reports of melting glaciers, snowfalls and flooding in deserts. The geography of precipitation distribution, their volumes and frequency is breaking down. But all is not yet lost. On the basis of the shown assumptions about the change in the circulation, it is possible to create a new concept of the impact or, more precisely, the removal of the impact on the water cycle, which is not too late to apply and save life on the planet for our descendants.

 

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Lupine Publishers | Happy American Independence Day Wishes

 

Lupine Publishers | Fixated Hauntological Views do Not Respond to Scientific Knowledge

 Lupine Publishers | Scholarly Journal Of Psychology And Behavioral Sciences

Abstract

In the case of earth’s glacial-interglacial cycle, not paying attention to knowledge originating in the distant past corresponds to hauntological behavior that will make humankind go extinct.

Opinion

In theory, the continuity and connectedness of the flow of knowledge between the past, present, and future should be relevant to any aspect of human existence. Yet, individuals and societies tend to pay little attention to knowledge from distant past, thus the notion of past “haunting” the present. If knowledge of past is ignored, as characterized by Jacques Derrida, the hauntologicallyoriented present would become a “disjointed or disadjusted now” [1]. Derrida applies his theory of ‘‘hauntology” within the context of Marxism as an ignored past influencing today’s capitalism, but the theory becomes even more prominent when the forgotten knowledge of the distant past originates in thousands of years ago [2]. The psychology of hauntological behavior is deep-rooted in that all disciplines are reluctant to trace their knowledgebase to ancient sources. This deficiency is amplified when inflated or misdirected homage is selectively given only to certain ancient sources [3]. Whether it is John Stuart Mill arguing that the falsity and partiality of knowledge can be avoided through critical discussion [4], or Charles S. Peirce pointing at the operational reality that knowledge is whatever a community of knowledge seekers converges on in the long run [5], or Karl Popper defining the knowledge inadequacies through identifying observational and conceptual shortcomings and inconsistencies [6,7], the fact remains that knowledge develops in a social setting and has an inherent dimension of sociality [8]. As such the flow of societal knowledge is susceptible to hauntological behavior as it would perceive the knowledge coming from the distant past as a ghost to be avoided than faced and clarified.

There are many examples one can use to demonstrate hauntological behavior. The best examples, however, are the ones that would make humankind go extinct. I will start with the knowledge of the glacial earth. The story of the glacial earth’s knowledge haunting today’s societies begins with the fact that it is not common knowledge that earth comes in two versions. The first, named glacial, lasts about 85,000 years, the second, named interglacial, lasts about 15,000 years. Together, the glacial and interglacial create a 100,000-year cycle that repeats regularly. Science has detailed records of the past eight cycles [9,10]. Since the last glacial earth ended around 15,000 years ago, the current interglacial earth will soon transition into the glacial earth, making the knowledge of the glacial earth crucial for societal existence and survival. The current scientific understanding of the earth’s two versions is based on the knowledge developed during the past century and it sets the difference primarily in the extent and intensity of earth’s ice sheets [11]. Extended ice sheets: glacial; not extended ice sheets: interglacial. This view goes against many pieces of the glacial earth’s knowledge transmitted from distant past. As one example, Herodotus reports that an ancient population, the Egyptians, had observed and recorded four reversals in the direction of sunrise and sunset in a time period having a duration of about 14,000 years before present [12]. This period covers shortterm and long-term glacial-interglacial transitions. The sunrise and sunset reversal knowledge is simple and concise, and it specifies the time period, the event type, and the number of events, thus quite precise as to what is happening in a time period that corresponds to the last glacial-interglacial transition.

There is no scientific problem with explaining the sunrise and sunset reversal. The reversal happens when a thin “shell” of ice and debris surrounds earth. The process for creating a thin shell is known and would resemble that which creates the meteor showers—earth passing through tiny fragments of debris left behind by disintegrated comets. The meteor showers create a brief show of light and color in the skies as they fall into the atmosphere and burn. In contrast, the earth’s passage through a comet’s larger fragments [13,14] can create a “shell” [15]. When the shell exists, earth would be glacial. When the shell collapses, earth would be interglacial. The key here is not that we know the science. The key: this is the science of a “ghost story.” Knowing its science does not reduce its hauntological aspect. Even with its science revealed, it remains a ghost of distant past haunting the present societies and as such engenders little interest in facing and addressing it in the present. When the shell is initially formed, the shell would be chaotic. It would envelope the whole earth in darkness. The physics of transformation of a thin chaotic shell is known. The transformation from chaotic to ordered takes place in a short time [16-18]. With loss of chaotic energy and formation of an ordered shell, the material in shell’s polar areas becomes unstable and collapses, opening the polar areas to sunlight that will reflect earthward from the interior of the shell, thus a reversed direction compared to the interglacial earth which does not have a shell. The science is straightforward, but the fact remains that this scientific information not only comes from a distant past, but the carrier of the story is a sacred text. Thus, not only this is a ghost story from distant past, and thus has to break through hauntological barrier, but in today’s societal mindset, it also has to face another knowledge-dam. That knowledge-dam originates at the social conditioning that declares the knowledge embedded in sacred texts irrelevant to scientific thought [19-22]. Many other ancient pieces of the glacial earth’s knowledge are analysed elsewhere and reveal that living in the glacial earth is radically different from living in today’s earth, and humankind, unprepared to live in the glacial earth will go extinct [15,23,24]. Yet all such observations fall into the category of scary ghost stories. While one may argue that such response to the glacial earth’s hauntology would not be rational given its known science, it is easy to demonstrate that hauntology is the “normal” mode of human behavior. One does not need to go back to thousands of years ago to scare humans with being haunted by the glacial earth’s ghost. One can provide a similar scary ghost through a story of humans getting vaporized in a shower of exploding nuclear bombs. In early 1980s, a time distance of a few decades from nuclear weapons that exploded on cities, there were massive protests to stop a nuclear war. At that moment many understood the urgency of the need to prevent a nuclear war that would destroy human civilization and end human life on earth [25]. At that time many had a pragmatic understanding of the exposure to nuclear weapons, and the issue was strengthened when studies showed that the dust and smoke thrown into the upper atmosphere by nuclear explosions would block the sun, lower temperatures and create a “nuclear winter” that would bring human societies close to extinction [26]. Then the time distance increased and today any story about the nuclear arsenals has become a ghost story ignoredthe same lack of interest exhibited whether the ghost is the nuclear arsenals or the glacial earth. No different than the glacial earth, the reality of the nuclear arsenals is perceived as a ghost story that should be ignored in the present.

As a typical individual I know a lot about my current lifesituation, know little about my parents’ life-situation, know almost nothing about my grandparents’ life-situation, and know absolutely nothing about those coming previously. The ghosts of the knowledge they carried are dead and no longer haunting. The same pattern takes shape in the societal setting. In general the societal entities only act on issues, concerns, and needs that take place within a time horizon of less than five years [27]. Anything longer is ignored. With that pattern the past quickly becomes a ghost, and many ghosts die as the time distance increases. Only in rare situations, as in the sacred texts, do the ghosts haunt longer. Tens of thousands of years ago, human populations, living under the glacial earth’s extremely difficult conditions, struggling to survive, remained nonetheless committed to informing today’s humans about both the glacial earth and the hauntological behavior. They must have transmitted multiple messages about the hazards of hauntological behavior, but at present I am aware of only two that have reached the present time to warn humans about the perils of ignoring the glacial-interglacial transition and the consequence-the extinction of the unprepared humankind when the glacial earth arrives.

The two messages are:

The millennial message: All humankind only 144,000 will survive the initial stage of arrival of the glacial earth [28].

The Noah message: Among humankind, those surviving the glacial earth’s arrival would number the occupants of a ship [29].

Both exhibit a sliver of optimism in the fate of the unprepared humankind facing the glacial earth. Both imply that a small group will survive to become the seed for bringing humankind back. I don’t share that optimism. In short, hauntological behavior remains a very serious problem in human societies. The psychology community, the business world, the political structure, and the education system have to address its implication and find ways of altering it. Otherwise humans would remain utterly vulnerable to the past knowledge they ignore.

 

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