Abstract
Islamic civilization formed in context of
behavioral changing and explaining human behavior in many medieval teachings
led to emergence of behavioral science and psychology. Present study proved
scientific approach of Islamic civilization to human behavioral research that
it has illustrated concept of science in Islamic civilization. The capital of
this change in behavior of nations is emergence of human phenomena called
Prophet’s everyday life. Writing daily life has been common issue of world
civilizations since ancient times. This religious phenomenon of Prophetic usage
effected on attitude, hygiene which explained in various schools of religious
psychology and social psychology, including Gestalt school. The writing of life
style of Prophet led to establishment science in Islamic civilization entitled
Knowledge of everyday life of Prophet because general phenomenon of character
of Mohammad’s daily life is like a symphony that has organized behavior of
Islamic societies for centuries. The subject of this science is perfect human
behavior, which is intuitively understandable to human societies.
And it can be considered starting point of knowledge of Islamic behaviorism in
Middle Ages. Because this generality exists alongside any partial behavior of
Prophet. Within framework of Aristotle’s book on the soul Philosophers produced
theoretical foundations of Islamic psychology and behaviorism. Alpharabius,
Avicenna on soul and its belonging to body and neuroscience of these
communications and his research on human sensory perceptions and physical
connection of soul and essential place of prophecy in its completion. Islamic
behavioral sciences refer to initiatives of Islamic societies.
Keywords: Psychology; Avicenna; Alpharabius; Lifestyle;
Soul; Prophetic usage
Historical and
Theoretical Introduction
The concept of science in civilization
from Greek civilization to Islamic civilization Inductive study of the
teachings is Aristotle’s initiative in the history of science. The way of
thinking in Islamic civilization has been formed with a tendency towards
Aristotle. The concept of science in Islamic civilization is the same as the
concept of science in Greek civilization. It is on this basis that Aristotle
was called the first human teacher in the history of science in ancient times
due to his special tendency in the inductive division of sciences and
knowledge. And Aristotelian philosophy has remained an active force in the
method and concept of science to this day. Alpharabius was named the second
teacher of science for sharing Aristotle’s method. His classification of
sciences is based on Aristotle’s Book of Soul, which is first classic book on
human behavior and it is theoretical basis of behavioral science in history of
science.
Psychology and behavioral
sciences in Islamic civilization
Behavioral Sciences, which deals with the
nature of human individual and social behavior, began with Aristotle’s book of
soul and Plato’s teachings about the soul and individual and social behavior of
the citizen in the city. The classical form of defining the science of behavior
and its place in the history of science is the product of Islamic civilization
and was presented by Farabi’s second teacher [1-5]. By combining Aristotle’s
and Plato’s views on the soul, he has divided science into five categories. and
fifth branch is science of behavior, which Farabi referred to as civil science.
Explaining this branch of science, Farabi has spoken about the word soul,
behavior, personality, society, the nature of behavior, and the end and purpose
of behavior. In beginning of Islamic civilization, Razes and Avicenna wrote
book in phycology with title spiritual medicine and Psychosomatics.
Following perfect man in Islam
and Christianity in medieval
The most Common denominator of Islam and
Christianity in medieval is the need to follow perfect man to achieve
happiness. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, St. Augustine wrote a book on
the city of God in the context of Plato’s philosophy of soul, criticizing the
individual and social behavior of Roman societies towards the behavior of the
perfect man. In middle of medieval, Farabi examined perfect and imperfect
behavior of man and society. And in late Middle Ages, Averroes criticized the
individual and civil behavior of man in the context of Aristotle’s philosophy.
He explained science of Islamic behavior on the basis of Aristotelian
rationalism. At the same time, Emperor of Germany Frederick II called on
Christian, Islamic, and Jewish scholars in the Mediterranean to test the nature
of the human soul on the basis of Ibn Sina’s knowledge of the soul, and to ask
scientists about the nature of the human soul. What is the reason for this
emperor’s scientific actions, which was his apparent behavior in clothing and
food and many other customs in accordance with the culture and behavior of
Muslims and had several Islamic teachers and counselors, about soul -knowledge?
Anthropology, ethnology in
Islamic civilization, behavior people of capitals
One of the most important branches of
behavioral science is anthropology, which has been left and produced in
classical texts of the Middle Ages. An anthropological leader in the Middle
Ages, he traveled to India to learn about behavior and anthropology. According
to historians, science is a pioneer in behaviorism of Indian people (Sarton, In
medieval literature and history there are texts that are the written legacy of
Islamic civilization on the behaviors of individuals and nations. At the
forefront is the travelogue of Shiite scholar [6]. He traveled to India in the
tenth century to report on the behavior of the India people, An external book
on the behavior of the Indian people in 1910 was translated into English by
Zakhao with title: Albiruni’s India and Al-Biruni’s encyclopedic work on India
[7-10]. Several Islamic travelogues have described the behavior of European
peoples and societies in the Middle Ages .as Reporting and Ibn Khaldun, whom
European orientalists have called him Montesquieu the Arab. he is the founder
of the science of historical sociology. he has examined the socialpolitical
behavior of heads of state and communities. His study is a kind of social
psychology and is based on understanding human emotions .he has considered the
kind of human feeling that can be studied simultaneously in the sciences of
behavior, political science, ethics, and history as the driving force behind
individual behaviors and community behaviors. he has written articles on
sciences of soul and Islamic psychology, his theories on social dilemma and
human behavioral education have been compared to those of contemporary
psychologists, He has explored human thought and learned from the empirical
reason for acquiring knowledge. his views of man are similar to Martin E. P.
“Marty” Seligman in Positive Psychology.
Historical value and content
accuracy of teachings known as Islamic medicine
Titles as Islamic medicine, health,
psychology, means set of teachings that Islamic societies have prepared and
attributed to some of the great men of Islam. Including Imam Sadegh’s medicine,
Imam Reza’s medicine, the Prophet’s medicine, this attribution may be correct
and may be rejected by experts in Islamic history and civilization, This issue
is very similar in Islamic civilization and has been disputed for several
centuries, and in the history of science and civilization of Christian and
Jewish communities, the situation is similar. Is it possible to say that
Islamic mathematics and medicine and psychology is opposite to Christian,
Jewish and Jewish mathematics? Or that there is only mathematics in Islamic,
Christian, Jewish, and Iranian societies.
In the present article, Islamic Health
and Islamic Psychology refers to the collection of traditions and teachings and
psychology courses that Islamic societies and Muslim people have researched, and
the collection of innovative and physical services of Islamic societies to the
history of health and behaviors sciences and psychology . And using title of
Islamic behavior science and Islamic Psychology is a virtual application. As
Ibn Khaldun, an expert on Islamic civilization in ninth century of AH and
fourteenth century of AD, has denied existence of Islamic medicine in a
critical statement. He said the prophet has no mission as health and medical
orders but His mission has been to communicate jurisprudence, sharia, and the
laws of religion. Therefore, reader of these studies and similar cases should
always realize that he is researching in the context of historical knowledge.
Materials and Methods,
Heritage Of Islamic Dating Material in Medieval
It was mentioned in introduction there is
great legacy of Oriental and Western writings on behavior and character and
lifestyle of Muhammad and his psychological saying , which are in Arabic,
Persian, Latin, English , French , Indian , Chinese, and there are big flow of
knowledge of Muhammad has become one of sources of science in world and
Christian West begun extensive studies of knowledge of Muhammad five hundred
years ago in eleventh century of Spain from Toledo but in eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries it culminated [11], Italian prince wrote a book in forty
volumes that examines evidence for forty years of Prophet’s behavior, The
Biography of Muhammad: the Issue of the Sources, It is noteworthy that these
historical materials related to Muhammad’s lifestyle came at the time were
compiled that until the fourth century AH, the world witnessed a great urban
movement based on the Prophet’s behavior in the urban development of Medina.
Medina is the birthplace of the most civilized people in the Islamic world who
have the behavior of an Islamic human being against the behavior of an ignorant
human being .And the Prophet rejected ignorant behavior and replaced it with
Islamic behavior [12-16].
Result, analyzing prophet’s
behavior, observation in Mohammad style life
Behavioral science and psychology in
Islamic philosophy One of the sciences that emerged in Islamic civilization is
the science of psychology that scientifically examines the behavior, actions,
and reactions of the human soul. the volume of Islamic teachings about the
human soul and its behavior is modest that the Islamic civilization then became
the most productive In Psychology and Ethics and Human Behavior that heretofore
have been seen in the world. In this civilization it had been created unique results
such as Avicenna an unparalleled man who co-founded the topic of sensory
perception, which is a common theme of the behavioral sciences and cognitive
sciences , In an empirical experiment, he proved the human soul, and several
centuries after that, German Emperor Frederick II posed questions to his
contemporary philosophers and sought to replicate and execute Avicenna’s
experiment on the soul in Sicily al-Farabi who first examined the behavior of
human societies. he separated individual behavior from social behavior and
divided the types of behaviors into virtual cities and non-virtual societies.
he is indeed a philosopher of societal behavior, he divided societies on the
basis of human behavior to Ignorant cities and misguided communities.
One of the behaviors of misguided and
ignorant societies is the struggle for survival over water, food, housing,
clothing, and material necessities. Farabi has returned the root of society’s
behavior to the innate, inherent of human being. This theory on the behavior of
societies was repeated by seven centuries later [17]. he has identified the
material cause of the struggle for survival with the inherent selfishness of
man [18], the historical induction into the minds of philosophers before Farabi
and after Hobbes and philosophers between the two, the analysis and explanation
of the behavior of societies depends on a psychological theory of human nature,
and the behavior of societies is subject to the self and psyche of human
individuals. Societal behavior is a function of one’s self and psyche [19].
Monopoly of writing daily life
to Muhammad, prophet of Islam by orientalis
The possibility of historiography of
Muhammad’s complete lifestyle is a fact in field of orientalism and many
orientalist have concluded that it is only possible to trace the Prophet’s
daily lifestyle because only his body and grave are known, and there is a rich
legacy of teachings on his behavior, interests, and tastes about food. ,
Clothing, socializingetc. There studied in his book behavior of Arab in two
societies with two different life styles. “Muhammad in Mecca, Muhammad in
Medina” examined Muhammad’s influence on behavior of two different societies
and his change in behavior and attitudes has determined them. After Qur’an,
which describes behavior man’s first book that wrote was book of Prophet’s
behavior. The Prophet’s behavior writing is still prevalent among Islamic and
non-Islamic scholars as in her book ,those are in his book La vie in his book
Muhammad, His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, and watt in Mohammad in Meca
and medina, F. E. Peters,in his book The Quest for Historical Muhammad, at the
top of the teachings of Mohammad is a behavioral doctrine that is the main
reason for his being a prophet.
The tradition of writing the
Prophet’s behavior in Islamic civilization
In medieval literature and history there
are texts that are the written legacy of Islamic civilization on the behaviors
of individuals and nations. At the forefront is the travelogue of Shiite
scholar. he traveled to India in the tenth century to report on the behavior of
the India people, Several Islamic travelogues have described the behavior of
European peoples and societies in the Middle Ages. as Reporting of They talked
about the difference between the morals and the behavior of the people of the
capital and the behavior of the people of the cities (Ibn Jubayr, Ibn Battuta
and Ibn Khaldun, whom European orientalists have called him Montesquieu the
Arab. he is the founder of the science of historical sociology.
He has examined the social-political
behavior of heads of state and communities. His study is a kind of social psychology
and is based on understanding human emotions .he has considered the kind of
human feeling that can be studied simultaneously in the sciences of behavior,
political science, ethics, and history as the driving force behind individual
behaviors and community behaviors. he has written articles on sciences of soul
and Islamic psychology, his theories on social dilemma and human behavioral
education have been compared to those of contemporary psychologists, He has
explored human thought and learned from the empirical reason for acquiring
knowledge. his views of man are similar to Martin E. P. “Marty” Seligman in
Positive Psychology.
Hygiene from prophet to
averroes
There are in history of Islamic
civilization in medieval The Prophet’s teachings on mental health and body and
social behaviors culminated in five centuries by Ibn Rushd in his book in
medicine “general in medicine“, (al-Koliyaat fi tab) “that is final version of
Islamic medicine in medieval and and it was Ibn Rushd’s medical encyclopedia of
medicine that studied in Europe until nineteenth century in Europe, which was
called Colgate( Hunkke,….). It is dedicated to the evolution of the teachings
of the Prophet. More than a hundred treatises on health and hygiene were
written from the time of the Prophet to Ibn Rushd. These works begun with work
of Prophet’s close successors such as who compiled in his book Islamic health
education in the framework of the science of nutrition and medicine [20-24].
Divisions and Types of
Hygiene in Prophet’s Hygiene and Health
The Prophet’s medical heritage shows that
he drew the right pattern for a social and individual hygiene and person’s
health behavior. The focus of his teachings is cleanliness and hygiene. In his
teachings, he has introduced faith as a direct and dependent function of health
and cleanliness. The Prophet’s instructions and rites in hygiene have been
researched a lot so far. Among them is the book The First University and the
Last Prophet in various issue of hygiene , behavior sciences , psychology in
Islamic texts of medieval in forty volumes in the twentieth century, [11,25,26]
The Prophet’s instructions for the protection of the body and the soul were
collected after that, and so far it has been the main subject of research, and
some, such as Ibn Khaldun, have looked at it critically and has discussed
whether Prophet is obliged and present Shari’a and religion or whether he has
issued health orders medical heritage left by the Prophet includes to heritage
of body , soul, society , animals, trees, waters, clothes.
Some of these commands are as
follows
a. Mental health: that the Prophet has
many instructions about choosing the right color for belt shoes and all kinds
of clothing.
b. Hygiene of the body.
c. The Prophet’s instructions on skin hygiene by choosing the right types of
cotton yarn and the quality of clothing in terms of volume and materials.
d. Prophet’s instructions about dairy products.
e. 4-The Prophet’s instructions regarding food - in some cases, for example, he
has mentioned sheep members for better quality nutrition.
f. 6- The Prophet’s advice on the quality of drinking and eating etiquette.
g. 7- Prophet’s instructions on walking etiquette
h. 8- Prophet’s instructions about the properties of fruits i. 9- Prophet’s
instructions on speaking etiquette.
j. 10- Prophet’s instructions on marriage.
k. 11-The instructions of the Prophet during the occurrence of diseases and
epidemics such as cholera and plague
Discussion in
Aristotelian Roots of Islamic Civilization in Behavioral Sciences
Islamic Paradigm of Aristotle’s Book on
the Soul Aristotle is Funder of psychology by his book on the soul and many
scholars introduced this book as a book on psychology but this book reached
Europe through Arabic literature and Islamic and Iranian teachings, and it is
an Islamic paradigm. Therefore the most important aspect of this research paper
is originality of psychology in Islam civilization [27-30]. Because in
appearance, main capital of Islamic civilization in production of Islamic
psychology is Aristotle’s book on soul but in historical reality, Aristotle’s
book on the soul has been critiqued and analyzed by Muslim scholars for about
seven centuries, and new scientific perspectives on soul have been presented.
After Aristotle’s book on soul, writing essays in soul based this book is one
of the initiatives and achievements of behavioral sciences in Islamic
civilization. Aristotle’s Treatise on the Soul was translated into Arabic in
second half of the eighth century A D, A later Arabic translation of Aristotle
book on soul into Arabic by Ishaq ibn made a translation into Arabic from
Syriac. The Arabic versions show a complicated history of mutual influence.
Avicenna and al-Farabi wrote independent writings on nature of human soul,
study of soul in works of, then Ibn Rushd analyze process of soul and natural
and perfect behavior of man in relation to behavior of perfect man. The
Aristotelian paradigm of the soul is an Islamic paradigm that was formed by
Muslims, led by Ibn Sina in the Middle Ages, and entered the field of Christian
philosophy and Christian theology through Islamic theology. Encouragement of
Frederick II the study of Islamic sciences including Aristotelian psychology,
had been developed. This is one of obvious issues in the history of philosophy
and humanity and literature of medieval [30-34].
Perfect man behavior, capital
of psychology, attitude, behavior, emotion
Jesus and Muhammad are perfect man in
systematic theology of Christian and Islam in medieval. Common denominator of
selfstudy analyzed, explained, and accepted and understandable in psychology
school of Gestalt and within framework of intuitive theories about social
behavior. Our intuitive efforts to make scientific arguments about everyday
life are fruitful, if intuitive understanding of behavior was validated by
humans, and if intuitive theories about human behavior were not valid, our
social interactions would be severely impaired.
Conclusion
The Prophet’s tradition is capital of
human and social attitudes, and social psychologists consider attitude to be
the symbol of three components: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral function.
Attitudes help us to understand our surroundings and to express our values
through function (and the function of self-defense. No on e has ever been able
to find a better alternative to Muhammad’s lifestyle to determine human
behavior, and all efforts have been in vain because one of essential purposes
of Prophet’s behaviors and traditions is to provide a solid foundation for good
human behavior. For centuries, some philosophers have tried, like, to find new
ethics based on biology and other sciences.
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