Lupine Publishers | Scholarly Journal Of Psychology And Behavioral Sciences
Abstract
The
study aim was to evaluate the neurobehavioral effect of Consciousness Energy
Healing Treated test formulation using behavioral test in male Sprague Dawley
rats. The test formulation was divided into two parts, one was denoted as
control, while the other was treated with Biofield Energy by Mr. Mahendra Kumar
Trivedi (the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing) and defined as the
Biofield Energy Treated sample. Besides, three group of animals were also
received Biofield Energy Treatment by Mr. Trivedi. In Y-maze test, number of
entries was significantly increased in the animals per se received Biofield Energy Treatment (-15
days) group (G6) by 176%, 47.53%, and 66.67% in the start arm, explored arm,
and novel arm, respectively as compared to the untreated test formulation group
(G4). Further, Biofield Treated animals per se +
Biofield Treated test formulation (-15 days) group (G8), showed 100% and 32.74%
increased the number of entries in start arm and novel arm, respectively
compared to the G4 group. Moreover, percent of alternation behaviour was
increased by 7.26% in the G8 as compared to the G4 group. In force swim test
(FST) showed the number of climbing was significantly increased by 13.58%,
24.69%, 32.1%, and 40.74% in the G5, G6, G7, and G8, respectively compared to
G4 group. Swimming time was significantly increased by 9.34% and 10.31% in the
G6 and G9, respectively compared to G4 group. Further, immobility time was
significantly decreased by 27.91%, 55.81%, 61.63%, and 11.63% in the G5, G6, G7,
and G9, respectively compared to the G4 group. The results of Morris water maze
(MWM) test data showed that the escape latency was significantly decreased by
12.06% (session 2), 13.04% (session 3), 14.88% (session 3), and 17.52% (session
3) in the G5, G7, G8, and G9 groups, respectively compared to the G4 group. The
resting time was significantly (p≤0.05) decreased by 16.26% (session 3) and
15.45% (session 3) in the G7 and G9, respectively compared to G4 group.
Besides, total distance travelled was significantly reduced by 27.23% and 23%
(in session 2) in the G5 and G9 groups, respectively compared to the G4 group.
The results showed significant reduction of disease progression and
disease-related symptoms in the preventive Treatment group per se and/or Biofield Energy Treated Test
formulation groups (viz. G6, G7, G8, and G9) comparatively with the disease
control group. Therefore, data suggest that Biofield Energy Treatment per se and Biofield Energy Treated test
formulation have significant cognition and memory enhencing activity and could
be utilized in various aging and neurobehavioral related disorders such as
stroke, dementia, multiple sclerosis, acute confusional states (delirium),
focal lesion syndromes, frontal lobe syndromes, etc.
Keywords: Biofield energy healing; The trivedi effect®;
Neurobehavioral; Force swim test; Spatial memory; Antiaging; Morris water maze;
Y-maze test; Antiaging
Abbreviations: FST: Forced Swim Test; NIH/NCCAM: National
Institute of Health/National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine;
SD: Sprague Dawley; Na-CMC: Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose; MWM: Morris Water
Maze
Introduction
The behavioral test batteries are used to
assess the learning and memory. Learning is a process of gathering lots of
information about the outside world, and memory is the process of processing,
storing and reproducing this information in a suitable environment, where it is
required. Experts reported that by 2050 up to 15 million Americans and more
than 135 million people worldwide will suffer from different types of
neurodegenerative disorders which affect memory function like Alzheimer’s
disease [1]. Different behavioral test is used currently among them Y-maze,
force swim, and Morris water maze tests. Y-maze experiment is used to find the
capability of rodents in the recognition and memory ability and it provides a
fruitful information that reflects the animal’s ability to recognize and
remember the new environment [2]. Stress is the causation of most prevalent
psychiatric challenging disorders such as depression and anxiety [3]. The
rodent forced swim test (FST) is mainly used as a preclinical model for
depression [4,5]. There was a direct correlation between integration of aging
and cognitive behaviour. There is a numerous evidence suggesting that adults
have more trouble learning new information, exhibit less efficient reasoning
skills, are slower to respond on all types of cognitive tasks, and are more
susceptible to disruption from interfering information than younger adults [6].
According to Hasher and Zacks [7], have
reported that older adults are less effective at inhibiting irrelevant
information than young adults. Based on the literature an importance of
essential vitamins and minerals on stress-related disorders authors newly
designed a proprietary test formulation consisting of zinc chloride, iron (II)
sulfate, copper chloride, magnesium gluconate hydrate, cholecalciferol (vitamin
D3), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine HCl), and vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), which would
be able to combat with stress-related disorders. Biofield Therapy has been
established to be an alternative medicine approach effectively used on various
properties of living organisms in a cost-effective manner [8]. Every living
system bearing kind of unique quality vital force, an élan vital, which gives
them special quality so called ‘life’ [9]. This ambiguous vital force defined
as the ‘Bioenergetics Field’. Many alternative therapies, medicines and
practices such as Tai Chi, natural products, chiropractic/osteopathic manipulation,
deep breathing, yoga, meditation, Qi Gong, special diets, massage, homeopathy,
guided imagery, progressive relaxation, acupuncture, acupressure, relaxation
techniques, hypnotherapy, movement therapy, healing touch, rolfing structural
integration, pilates, mindfulness, traditional Chinese herbs and medicines,
Ayurvedic medicine, naturopathy, aromatherapy, essential oils, cranial sacral,
and Reiki therapy are extensively used as a complementary and alternative
medicine (CAM) system. Although, a human has the ability to acquire the vital
force energy from the universe and can transmit it into a useful way that is
called Biofield Energy and the process is called as “Biofield Energy
Treatment/Healing”. Biofield (putative energy fields) or electromagnetic based
energy therapies used to promote health and healing that had been exclusively
reported by the National Institute of Health/National Center for Complementary
and Alternative Medicine (NIH/NCCAM) [10]. The Trivedi Effect® has been
published in numerous peer-reviewed science journals with significant outcomes
in many scientific fields such as cancer research [11,12], microbiology
[13-16], biotechnology [17,18], pharmaceutical science [19-22], agricultural
science [23-26], materials science [27-30], nutraceuticals [31,32], skin
health, human health and wellness. Depending on the importance of herbs and
various essential vitamins and minerals on cognitive disorders and aging, the
outstanding effects of Biofield Energy Healing in multiple-fields authors
hypothesized that the Biofield Energy Treated test formulation may able to
combat with cognitive and aging-related disorders rats model. Therefore,
authors performed this study to evaluate the effects of Biofield Energy Treated
and untreated test formulation through the measurement of different behaviour
parameters in male Sprague Dawley rats.
Materials and Methods
Chemicals and reagents
Cholecalciferol
(vitamin D3),
copper chloride, iron (II) sulfate, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC)
were procured from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Zinc chloride, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride),
cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), resveratrol, and magnesium (II) gluconate were purchased
from TCI, Japan. D (+) Galactose obtained from Amresco, LLC. All the other
chemicals used in this experiment were analytical grade procured from India.
Experimental animals
Randomly breed male Sprague Dawley (SD)
rats with body weight ranges between 240.48 to 428.27gm were used in this
experiment. The animals were purchased from M/s. National Institute of
Biologicals, India. Animals were randomly divided into nine groups based on
their body weights consist of ten animals of each group. They were kept
individually in sterilized polypropylene cages with stainless steel top grill
having provision for holding pellet feed and drinking water bottle fitted with
stainless steel sipper tube. The animals were maintained as per standard
protocol throughout the experiment.
Consciousness energy
healing strategies
The test formulation was divided into two
parts. One part of each ingredient was considered as control, where no Biofield
Energy Treatment was provided. Another part of each ingredient was received
Biofield Energy Treatment by Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi (known as the Trivedi
Effect®) under laboratory conditions for ~3 minutes through the Healer’s unique
Energy Transmission process to the test formulation. The blessing/treatment was
given to the test items/animals by his physical presence without touching in
the laboratory of Dabur Research Foundation, near New Delhi, India. Besides,
three group of animals were also received Biofield Energy Treatment under
laboratory conditions for ~3 minutes. Similarly, the control samples were
subjected to “sham” healer under the same laboratory conditions for ~3 minutes.
The “sham” healer did not have any knowledge about the Biofield Energy
Treatment. After that, the Biofield Energy Treated samples were kept in the
similar sealed condition and used as per the study plan. The Biofield Energy
Treated animals were also be taken back to experimental room for further
proceedings.
Experimental procedure
Five days after acclimatization, animals
were randomized and grouped based on body weight. Dosing for group G7 and G8
was also initiated on day -15 till end of the experiment. However, G1 to G6 and
G9 animals were dosed from day 1 till the end of experiment. All the animals
except G1 received D-Galactose, daily (500mg/ kg; i.p.) from day 1 to the end
of the experiment. Body weight and clinical signs were taken daily throughout
the experimental period. Feed consumption was measured once in a week. At the end
of the experimental period, i.e., during 9th week, all the animals were
individually subjected to assessment of behavioral parameters such as Y-maze,
Morris water maze (MWM) test and Forced swim test (FST). All behavioral
parameters were recorded using suitable Software (Panlab, Smart 3.0) for all
the animals and analyzed.
Behavioral testing
Y-maze test: Impairment of spatial memory
was evaluated using a Y-maze test paradigm following chronic D-galactose
administration. The Y-maze consisted of three equal-dimension arms with an
angle of 120 °C. The arm closest to the experimenter was defined as the start
arm in which rat was placed at the start of each trial. During trial 1 (5
minutes), the entrance to the novel arm was closed, limiting the animal to exploration
of the start arm and the open arm. After an interval, animal was allowed to
explore all three arms by having the entrance to the novel arm open.
Exploratory behaviour was assessed for 5 minutes. After the last dose of
D-galactose and test item to the experimental animals, the Y-maze analysis was
performed on the next day to all experimental rats. Each rat was placed at the
centre of the apparatus and allowed to move freely through the maze for three 8
minutes sessions. The series of arm entries was observed and the following
parameters such as time spent in each arm and number of entries made into each
arm were calculated. Spontaneous alternation was defined as the successive
entry of the rat into the three arms in overlapping triplet sets.
Percentage alternation behaviour was
calculated using Equation (1):
= (Successive triplet sets / Total number of arm entries - 2) X
100------------- (1)
(Successive triplet set: Entries into three different arms consecutively)
Forced
swimming test (FST): The forced swim test was performed
with slight modification as described [33,34]. In brief, all the animals except
G1 were individually subjected to swim in a glass cylinder (40cm high, 18cm in
diameter) filled with water (25 °C) up to height of 34cm for 10 minutes. In
this cylinder, rats cannot touch the bottom or escape. For the first exposure,
rats were placed in the water for 15 minutes of forced swimming (training
session). Twenty-four hours later, rats were placed in the cylinder again for a
5-minute period (test session). In the test session rats were scored by an
observer blind to the effect of test substance exposure of the animal for
immobility time (floating with only small movements necessary to keep their
head above water), swimming time (pedalling or making circular movements), and
struggling time (climbing walls or diving attempts to escape). Water in the
tank was changed after each session.
Morris
water maze test: The test was performed as per with
slight modification [35]. Escape platform was sub-merged 1.0cm below the
surface of the pool water, which was maintained at 23±2 °C, and mixed with milk
powder to obscure the platform. The location of the platform remained in the
center of south west quadrant throughout the training period. Before the first
session, each animal was put on the platform for 15 seconds, and then was given
a 60 seconds free swim and then guided to the platform, where it remained for
another 20 seconds. Latencies to escape from the water maze (finding the
sub-merged escape platform), total distance travelled, and resting time of each
animal were collected and the average value of each trial for a session was
calculated.
Statistical analysis
The data were expressed as mean ±
standard error of mean (SEM) and subjected to statistical analysis using Sigma
Plot (Version 11.0) using one-way ANOVA. Student’s t-test was performed for
comparison of the individual treatment group with control. The p≤0.05 was
considered as statistically significant (n=10).
Results and Discussion
Behavioral testing
Y-maze
test: The Y-maze test for cognitive
function in laboratory animals is extensively used as a tool during the
development of pharmaceutical formulations to the treatment of
neurodegenerative diseases [36]. This behavioral test is used for the evaluation
of cognitive functions like memory and learning ability of short-term work and
is based on the natural instinct of rodents to explore unknown environments
[37]. The effect of the test formulation on cognitive function using Y-Maze
test in male Sprague Dawley rats is shown in Figure 1. Increased frequency of
number of entries in the arms was considered as improve locomotor activity and
increase percentage alternation was considered as an improved spatial memory
function. In this technique, parameter like number of entries was significantly
increased in the animals per se received
Biofield Energy Treatment (-15 days) group (G6) by 176%, 47.53%, and 66.67% in
the start arm, explored arm, and novel arm, respectively as compared to the
untreated test formulation group (G4). Moreover, number of entries was
significantly increased by 38.02% in the Biofield Energy Treated test
formulation (-15 days) group (G7) on explored arm compared to the G4 group.
Further, in the Biofield Energy Treated animals per se +
Biofield Energy Treated test formulation (-15 days) group (G8), showed 100% and
32.74% increased the number of entries in start arm and novel arm, respectively
compared to the G4 group. Further, number of entries was significantly elevated
by 76%, 38.02%, and 22.12% in start arm, explored arm, and novel arm,
respectively as compared to the G4 group. Other parameter like time spent was
increased by 17.58% in the Biofield Energy Treated test formulation group (G5)
on start arm compared to G4 Group. Moreover, G6 group an increased time spent
by 43.32% and 13.1% on explored arm and novel arm, respectively compared to the
G4 group. Time spent was increased by 14.64% in the G7 group on start arm only
compared to G4 group. Further, time spent was increased by 37.95% in the G9
group on explored arm as compared to the G4 group. The percent of alternation
behaviour was increased by 7.26% in the Biofield Energy Treated animals per se + Biofield Energy Treated test formulation
(-15 days) group (G8) as compared to the G4 group (Figure 1). Besides, in case
of spontaneous alternation, where rats made alternations when they sequentially
visited the three arms, without repeating any one arm [38]. The results
indicated more alternation task because they spent more time to elucidate which
was the last arm visited. Measurement of spontaneous alternation using a Y-maze
is a test also utilized for the evaluation of habituation and spatial working
memory [39]. Overall, Biofield Energy Treatment improved cognition function by
significantly increasing number of entries, time spent and % alternation
compared to the untreated test formulation group.
Forced
swimming test (FST)
The results of FST after administration
of the test formulation are shown in Figure 2. In this experiment, the number
of climbing was significantly increased by 13.58%, 24.69%, 32.1%, 40.74%, and
3.70% in the G5, G6, G7, G8, and G9, respectively compared to the untreated
test formulation control (G4) group. Additionally, the swimming time was
significantly increased by 4.67%, 9.34%, and 10.31% in the G5, G6, and G7,
respectively compared to the G4 group. Besides, the immobility time was
significantly decreased by 27.91%, 55.81%, 61.63%, 5.81%, and 11.63% in the G5,
G6, G7, G8, and G9, respectively compared to the G4 group (Figure 2). The FST
is another behavioral test battery normally used for rodent [40]. It is also
called as Porsolt swim test developed for rats. It is used for the screening of
antidepressant efficacy of new chemical entity and preventing depressive-like
states [33,41]. It is also considered as an important tool in both academic
research and drug discovery in industrial settings, where reliability and high
throughput screening of novel compounds are essential [42]. Overall, the
improvement of these parameters in the Biofield Energy Treated groups might be
due to The Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment.
Morris
water maze test: Many water mazes have been
developed so far, but the ‘the water maze’ was developed by Richard Morris to
assess spatial or place learning and defined as Morris water maze (MWM) [43].
For the assessment of spatial learning and memory Morris water maze test is
widely used as a behavioral test [44,45]. The MWM is an important and dominant
method has become more widely used than its predecessors such as radial-arm
maze, passive avoidance, T-mazes and their variations, etc. [46]. The impact of
the test formulation on activeness and spatial memory using Morris water maze
test is shown in Figure 3. The escape latency was significantly reduced by
12.06% in session 2, in the G5 group compared to the G4 group. Moreover, escape
latency was decrease by 6.33% and 13.04% in session 1 and 3, respectively in
the G7 group compared to the G4 group. G8 group showed 14.88% reduction of
escape latency in session 3 and G9 group showed 17.52% in session 3 compared to
the G4 group. Thus, reduction of escape latency indicated that the rats learned
the location of the platform during the experimental days. The parameters
traveled distance and resting time were recorded additionally to avoid
interpretation of confounding changes of behavior [47]. Resting time was
reduced by 2.31% and 15.45% in session 2 and 3, respectively in the Biofield
Energy Treatment per se to animals plus
untreated test formulation (Group 9) compared to the untreated test formulation
group (G4). Further, the resting time was reduced by 16.26% in the Biofield
Energy Treated test formulation (-15 days) group (G7) on session 3 compared to
the G4 group.
Besides,
total distance was significantly reduced by 27.23% and 23% in session 2 in the
Biofield Energy Treated test formulation group (G5) and G9, respectively
compared to the G4 group. Moreover, in session 3, total distance travel was
reduced by 13.76% in the Biofield Energy Treated animals per se + Biofield Energy Treated test formulation
(-15 days) group (G8) compared to the G4 group. In this research plan, four
groups were considered as preventive maintenance groups. These groups were G6
(Biofield Energy Treatment per se to
animals at -15 days), G7 (Biofield Energy Treated test formulation from day
-15), G8 (Biofield Energy Treatment per se to
animals along with Biofield Treated test formulation from day -15), and G9
(Biofield Treatment per se at -15
days to animals with untreated test formulation). The results showed the
significant slowdown of the disease progression, disease related all other
symptoms/complications and also reduced the chances of disease susceptibility
in these groups. Specifically, group G6 (preventive Biofield Energy Treatment
group per se at -15 days) showed the best results as a
prophylactic/preventive treatment group compared to the other groups. Based on
the overall data, it suggests that the Biofield Energy Healing Therapy was found
to be most effective and benefited in order to prevent and protect from the
occurrence of any type of diseases in rat model. It indicated that this therapy
can act as a preventive maintenance therapy to prevent the occurrence of the
disease, slow down the disease progression and disease related complications of
the existing aliments that will ultimately improve the overall health and
quality of life in human.
Conclusion
The
result of Y-maze data suggested that number of entries was significantly elevated
by 176% (in start arm), 47.53% (in explored arm), and 66.67% (novel arm) in the
animals per se received Biofield Energy Treatment (-15
days) group (G6) compared to the untreated test formulation group (G4). The
number of entries was also increased by 100% (in start arm) in the Biofield
Treated animals per se + Biofield Treated test
formulation (-15 days) group (G8) compared to the G4 group. Additionally,
percent of alternation behaviour was increased by 7.26% in the G8 as compared
to the G4 group. The results of force swim test showed that climbing frequency
was increased by 24.69%, 32.1%, and 40.74% in the G6, G7, and G8, respectively
compared to G4 group. Parameter like immobility time was significantly
decreased by 27.91%, 55.81%, and 61.63% in the G5, G6, and G7, respectively
compared to the G4 group. Besides, the results of the Morris water maze (MWM)
data showed that escape latency was significantly decreased by 12.06% (session
2), 13.04% (session 3), 14.88% (session 3), and 17.52% (session 3) in the G5,
G7, G8, G9 groups, respectively compared to the G4 group. Biofield Energy
Healing Treatment (the Trivedi Effect®) per se showed
best results with respect to different efficacy and biomarker parameters in the
preventive maintenance group, G6 as compared to the other preventive
maintenance groups (G7, G8, and G9) in rat model study. It also helped to slow
down the disease progression and disease related complications of the overall
animal’s health. These data suggested that Biofield Energy Treatment per se and/or Biofield Energy Treated Test
formulation in combination would be the best treatment strategies in order to
prevent and protect from the occurrence of any type of diseases.
Therefore, the Biofield Energy Treatment might act as a preventive maintenance
therapy in order to maintain good health, or full restoration of health or
improve the overall health and quality of life in human. This therapy might
also reduce the severity of any type of acute/chronic disease (auto-immune
related and inflammatory disorders) progression rate and can be used in both
before and after the manifestation of any disease symptoms in healthy,
unhealthy, and ill peoples. Therefore, it is assumed that the Biofield Energy
Treated test formulation could be more useful in various aging and
neurobehavioral-related disorders such as stroke, occlusion, hemorrhagic,
transient ischemic attack (TIA), arterialvenial malformation (AVM),
phenylketonia (PKU), encephalitis, amnesiac syndrome, psuedopsychiatric
syndromes, visual agnosia, prosopagnosia, ideomotor apraxia, constructional
apraxia, etc. Besides, it can also be utilized in organ transplants (kidney,
liver, and heart transplants), various autoimmune disorders Fatigue Syndrome
and Vasculitis, as well as inflammatory disorders such as such as Lupus,
Addison Disease, Celiac Disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy),
Dermatomyositis, Graves’ Disease, Hashimoto Thyroiditis, Rheumatoid Arthritis,
Multiple Sclerosis, Myasthenia Gravis, Pernicious Anemia, Sjogren Syndrome,
Scleroderma, Aplastic Anemia, Reactive Arthritis, Fibromyalgia, Disease,
Psoriasis, Chronic Asthma, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Vitiligo, Type 1
Diabetes, Alzheimer’s Disease, Alopecia Areata, Crohn’s, Ulcerative Colitis,
Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Atherosclerosis, Dermatitis, Diverticulitis,
Hepatitis, inflammatory diseases, antiinflammatory, anti-arthritic,
anti-osteoporosis, anti-apoptotic, antistress, wound healing, anti-cancer,
anti-aging, activities.
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